A hybrid energy harvesting framework and graphene-based supercapacitor for 6G and smart grid networks

This paper proposes a novel hybrid energy harvesting framework integrated with a graphene-based supercapacitor to address the energy demands of 6G communication systems and smart grid networks. To ensure consistent power generation, the proposed framework combines diverse energy harvesting mechanisms, including acoustic, vibration, and radio frequency (RF) energy sources. These harvested energies are then efficiently managed and stored in a proposed graphene-based supercapacitor compared with existing Li-ion batteries, due to its high energy density and rapid charge-discharge capabilities. Smart grids and 6G networks can utilize the energy that hybrid systems harvest. This paper examines the analysis of RF energy extracted from various antenna configurations. In the acoustic energy harvesting system, energy extraction has been achieved by subjecting it to acoustic pressure and impedance. Notably, the inclusion of acoustic impedance has resulted in a greater amount of harvested energy. The vibration energy harvesting analysis with angular frequencies under various force conditions is employed. The magnitude of force applied to the harvesting system significantly influences the efficiency of the harvested energy. The three-dimensional structure and voltage levels of the graphene-based supercapacitor have been examined for various electrodes. For maximizing the harvested hybrid energy, convex optimization is formulated due to its ability to efficiently navigate complex design spaces while ensuring reliable and globally optimal solutions. CVX tool in MATLAB is used for validation. The results improve the energy harvesting efficiency and enhance the power availability of all the harvesting sources. Furthermore, the compatibility of the proposed framework with existing network infrastructure highlights its potential for seamless integration into real-world communication and energy distribution systems.