Chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in endothelium

The aim of the present study was to study the sensibility in the area of saline-induced muscle pain. In three experiments, ten subjects were exposed to computer-controlled infusion of 0.5 ml isotonic (0.9%) or hypertonic (9%) saline into the anterior tibial muscle. The pain intensity was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The pain threshold (PT) to pressure and electrical stimulation in muscle and subcutaneous tissues was determined. Three experiments were performed in which infusion of hypertonic saline produced significantly higher VAS scores than isotonic saline. In all three experiments, there was no significant difference in PT obtained after infusion of isotonic saline compared with infusion of hypertonic saline. In experiment 1, the PT was determined at the infusion site and 4 cm from the infusion site. At the infusion site, the pressure PT decreased (-19 +/- 2%) 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min after infusion of isotonic and hypertonic saline, but remained unchanged 4 cm from the infusion site. The intramuscular electrical PT at the infusion site and 4 cm from the infusion site increased significantly (29 +/- 6%) 5, 7 and 9 min after saline infusion. In experiment 2, the pressure PT and the intramuscular electrical PT were recorded after two infusions of saline separated by 1 day. The day after the first infusion, the pressure PT was decreased compared with the PT before the first infusion, but the electrical PT was not affected. Moreover, the hypertonic saline infusion given on the second day produced significantly higher (130 +/- 50%) VAS scores than the infusion given on the first day. In experiment 3, the PT was determined in the subcutaneous tissue, but no significant effects of saline infusion were found. The present placebo-controlled experiments failed to show muscular or subcutaneous hyperalgesia after saline-induced muscle pain per se.