Two-step K(+)-Na+ and Ag(+)-Na+ ion-exchanged glass waveguides for C-band applications |
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Authors: | Zou Jizuo Zhao Feng Chen Ray T |
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Affiliation: | The authors are with Microelectronics Research Center, J. J. Pickle Research Campus, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, USA. |
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Abstract: | A two-step K(+)-Na+ and Ag(+)-Na+ ion-exchange technique is introduced to fabricate single-mode channel waveguides in BK7 glass for the telecom-wavelength region. The dependencies of insertion loss, polarization-dependent loss (PDL), end bending loss of curved waveguides on channel width, diffusion time, and annealing time are investigated. Results show that postannealing is a required process for improving waveguide properties and an optimal annealing time exists. Although relatively narrow mask openings are used in most one-step ion-exchange processes, a wider channel width, to as wide as 10 microm, is preferred for this two-step method. The minimum coupling loss to/from single-mode fiber and the propagation loss is found to be 0.4 dB and 0.3 dB/cm, respectively. For 5-cm-long waveguides the PDL is less than 0.1 dB. For the S-bend structure the cosine curve exhibit apparently a lower bending loss than the double-arc curve. |
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