| Affiliation: | 1. Combustion and Sustainable Energy Laboratory (ComSEL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arkansas Tech University, 1811 N Boulder Ave, Russellville, AR, 72801, USA;2. High Speed Reacting Flow Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia;1. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Education, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt;2. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia;3. FCLab FR CNRS 3539, Femto-ST UMR CNRS 6174, Univ. of Bourgogne Franche-Comte/UTBM, 90010 Belfort Cedex, France;4. Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt;1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India;2. University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Engineering Metallurgy, John Orr Building, DFC, 25 Louisa St, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa |
| Abstract: | A numerical method was developed for optimising solar–hydrogen energy system to supply renewable energy for typical household connected with the grid. The considered case study involved household located in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. The solar–hydrogen energy system was designed to meet the desired electrical load and increase the renewable energy fraction using optimum fuel cell capacity. The simulation process was conducted by MATLAB based on the experimental data for electrical load, solar radiation and ambient temperature at a 1-min time-step resolution. Results demonstrated that the optimum fuel cell capacity was approximately 2.25 kW at 1.8 kW photovoltaic power system based on the average of the daily energy consumption of 6.8 kWh. The yearly renewable energy fraction increased from 31.82% to 95.82% due to the integration of the photovoltaic system with a 2.25 kW fuel cell used as a robust energy storage unit. In addition, the energy supply, which is the economic aspect for the optimum system, levelised electricity cost by approximately $0.195/kWh. The obtained results showed that the proposed numerical analysis methodology offers a distinctive property that can be used effectively to optimise hybrid renewable energy systems. |
