Numerical investigation of multi-layered porosity in the gas diffusion layer on the performance of a PEM fuel cell

A mathematical model is developed to investigate the influence of porosity configurations in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of the cathode on the electrochemical performance characteristics of a 3-D high-temperature proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Four different non-uniform porosity configurations are defined through step functions and analyzed with uniform porosity case. The results are presented in terms of the cell performance characteristics viz. Current density, power density, vorticity magnitude, oxygen molar concentration, overpotential, and total power dissipation density. Our study reveals that oxygen molar concentration, current density, power density are found to be maximum when the stepwise porosity in GDL decreases in the streamwise direction. However, these parameters observed to be the least when the stepwise porosity in GDL increases along the streamwise direction. Additionally, the highest total power dissipation density is observed when the porosity in GDL varies across cross-stream wise direction among other configurations considered. However, it is found to be the least when porosity varies in a streamwise direction. The overpotential becomes the least when stepwise porosity decreases in the streamwise direction although the same is found to be maximum when the porosity in GDL increases along the streamwise direction. The performance is found to be optimal when porosity is maximum at cathode gas channel inlet and GDL-cathode gas channel interface.