A new approach for the realization of voltage-mode second-order universal filters using current conveyors

In this work two different types of topologies are derived for realization any second-order filter characteristic by choosing properly, the admittances of passive elements. These topologies use two second-generation current conveyors (CCIIs). One of the topologies involves different types of CCIIs whereas the other uses the same type of CCIIs together with a unity gain voltage buffer. The buffer used provides not only low output impedance but also facilitates cascading of the filter circuits thus obtained. It is possible to derive many different filters realizing any second-order transfer function by the use of the proposed topologies. Moreover, the produced filters have low-sensitivity performance and permit orthogonal controlling of both the quality factor and the natural angular frequency.