The user in the loop: Enabling user participation for self-adaptive applications |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Distributed Systems Group, University of Kassel, Wilhelmshöher Allee 73, 34121 Kassel, Germany;2. Human–Machine Systems Engineering, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstraße 7, 34125 Kassel, Germany;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan;2. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan;1. School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;2. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100181, China;3. School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100181, China |
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| Abstract: | Future computing systems must adjust to the user’s situations, habits, and intentions. Self-adaptive applications autonomously adapt to changing contexts without asking the user. However, the self-adaptive behaviour lacks of success if it does not correspond to the user’s personal interaction habits and intentions, particularly for complex scenarios with a high degree of user interaction. Concerning the interaction design, such adaptations can be irritating and distracting for the user if they do not match the current situation. In this article we provide a solution how to integrate the user in the self-adaptation feedback loop. The user will be able to influence the adaptation behaviour at run-time and in the long term by setting individual preferences. Consequently, we achieve a harmonisation between full application autonomy and user control. We implemented our generic concepts by extending an existing self-adaptation middleware with capabilities to respect the user’s application focus and interaction behaviour. A notification-based solution for user participation has been evaluated in a substantial user study with 62 participants. Although participants perceived much better control with our solution, the study made clear that notification design is specific for each adaptation type. |
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| Keywords: | Self-adaptation Usability Autonomous computing Interruption User attention Ubiquitous computing Human–computer interaction |
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