A new approach to “Greening” plastic composites using pineapple leaf waste for performance and cost effectiveness |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia;2. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia;1. Centre for Composite Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, 626126, India;2. Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, INTROP, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;3. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;4. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;5. Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International ThaiGerman Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;1. PPGCEM/UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235 – P.O. Box 676, 13565-905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil;3. Department of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil;4. Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits (CNPMF), Rua Embrapa, s/n, Embrapa, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil;5. National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agrobusiness (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation (CNPDIA), Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, Centro, 13560-970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand;2. Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand;3. Research Network of NANOTEC–KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand |
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| Abstract: | The work described in this paper is the first detailed study aimed to demonstrate the important opportunity available in using all parts of a single renewable source, i.e. pineapple leaf waste, as filler for the preparation of green plastic composite with a wide range of adjustable properties. This will not only provide the product designer an opportunity to lower the material cost, but also offer an opportunity to adjust the price-performance ratio and make use of every part of the waste leaf. Fresh pineapple leaves, which contain about 85% water, are chopped into small pieces and ground into paste. This is called whole ground pineapple leaf (WGL) and contains approximately 2.8% by weight of high quality dry fiber, called pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) as well as a large fraction of non-fibrous material (NFM) of approximately 10% by weight. WGL, PALF and NFM are examined as fillers for polypropylene reinforcement. It was found that PALF provided the highest improvement in all mechanical properties tested (tensile, flexural and impact tests) and also heat distortion temperature, followed by WGL and NFM, respectively. NFM, although it provided only slightly improved tensile and flexural properties, could maintain or even improve impact strength. Brief consideration of environmental issues suggests that using pineapple leaf waste can be beneficial in terms of both lower embodied energy and also lower overall emissions. |
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| Keywords: | Pineapple leaf fiber Natural fiber Polypropylene composite Reinforcement |
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