ROTEE: Remora Optimization and Tunicate swarm algorithm-based Energy-Efficient cluster-based routing for EH-enabled heterogeneous WSNs

Since the development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the limited battery of the sensor nodes has been an unavoidable concern. Hence, to keep the WSNs operational for a longer possible duration, the recharging of node's battery through harvesting the ambient energy from surroundings (for an example, solar energy) has been proposed. In this work, we focus not only on utilizing the energy harvesting (EH)-enabled sensor nodes for routing purposes but also introduce a novel hybrid optimization ROATSA that uses Remora Optimization Algorithm (ROA) and Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA) for energy-efficient cluster-based routing. The proposed work is termed as ROA and TSA-based Energy-Efficient Cluster-based Routing for EH-enabled WSN (ROTEE). Hybrid ROATSA is chosen due to enhanced convergence and exploitation capabilities. To reduce the financial burden on the network, we use only four EH-enabled nodes and locate them at each periphery of the network, equidistant to each other and the other nodes are 3-level energy heterogeneous sensor nodes. The selection of cluster head (CH) is optimized through ROATSA by considering profile index of each node by evaluating them at energy, distance, load balancing, node density, the delay involved, and network's average energy. The proposed work ROTEE shows supreme performance against the recently proposed clustering techniques.