Heat transfer modeling in the vertical tubes of the passive containment cooling system of the simplified boiling water reactor

The long term containment cooling of GE's passive BWR design is based on a new safety system called PCCS (passive containment cooling system). Performance of this system relies on the pressure difference between the drywell and wetwell in case of an accident and on the condensation of steam moving downward inside vertical tubes fully submerged in a water pool initially at room temperature. In this paper a model based on the resolution of momentum equations of both phases, the application of the heat and mass transfer analogy, and the consideration of the presence of a noncondensable gas by diffusion theory in a boundary layer is presented. Assumptions and approximations taken resulted in new methods to estimate film thickness and heat transport from the gas to the interface. Influence of phenomena such as suction, flow development, film waviness, and droplet entrainment has been accounted for. Based on this formulation, a computer programme called HVTNC (heat transfer in vertical tubes with noncondensables) has been built up. HVTNC results have been compared to the experimental data available. Experimental trends have been reproduced. Heat transfer has been found to be severely degraded by the presence of noncondensables whereas high Reynolds numbers of gas flow have been seen to enhance shear stress and therefore, heat transmission. The average error of HVTNC is essentially located at regions where only a residual fraction of heat remains to be transferred, so that minor deviations can be anticipated in the overall heat transfer in the tube. Comparison of HVTNC to other models show a substantial gain of accuracy with respect to earlier models.