复杂动态海面与目标电磁散射及回波仿真研究现状与展望

海洋表面是一种高度不规则和时空不重复的复杂动态体系。海杂波是雷达电磁信号照射到海面产生的大量散射体回波的叠加，受风力、洋流、海浪等的影响呈现非均匀性和非平稳性。海杂波信号对海上目标的探测具有一定的干扰作用，尤其是高海情条件下，海浪起伏更加剧烈，目标信号极易淹没在强海杂波信号中，严重限制着雷达对海上目标的检测能力。海杂波及目标电磁散射特性研究是提升复杂海洋环境下目标检测能力的基础，以电磁波与实际复杂动态海面及目标电磁散射机理为基础，形成实际海洋环境下目标回波数据，对海杂波及目标雷达回波特征分析，实测数据集的补充，均存在重大意义。为了让更多相关研究者获得基于物理机理的复杂海环境与目标回波仿真方法近些年的发展和未来趋势，该文总结了回波仿真的3类方法，并针对海面与目标仿真场景特点，分析了3类方法的优劣和适应性，给出了部分仿真结果；还介绍了一些基于实测的回波数据集，可方便学者对回波特性进行分析；最后对复杂海面与目标回波仿真方法和特性研究的发展趋势进行了展望。

Status and Prospects of Electromagnetic Scattering Echoes Simulation from Complex Dynamic Sea Surfaces and Targets

The ocean surface is a complicated dynamic system with considerable irregularity and nonrepetition in space and time. Sea clutter is the superposition of a large number of scatterer echoes generated by the radar electromagnetic signal irradiated to the sea surface, which is affected by wind, currents, waves, etc. and shows nonuniformity and nonsmoothness. The sea clutter signal has a certain interference effect on the detection of sea targets, especially under high sea conditions when the waves are furious, and the target signal is readily drowned out by the strong sea clutter signal, severely limiting the radar’s detection capability on sea targets. The investigation of sea clutter and target electromagnetic scattering properties serves as the foundation for improving the target detection capability in difficult marine environments. The formation of target echo data in the actual marine environment is of great significance for the analysis of sea clutter and target radar echo characteristics, as well as the supplementation of the actual measurement data set based on electromagnetic waves and the actual complex dynamic sea surface and target electromagnetic scattering mechanism. This study summarizes three key categories of echo simulation methods, analyzes the benefits, disadvantages, and adaptability of several categories of methods for the characteristics of the sea surface and target simulation scenarios, and provides some simulation results in order to make recent advancements and future trends of physics-based complex sea environment and target echo simulation methods more accessible to relevant researchers. It also introduces some echo datasets based on real measurements, which can facilitate scholars’ analysis of echo characteristics. Lastly, the trend toward developing complex sea surface and target echo simulation methods and characteristics for research is presented.