Hydrodynamic assessment of bentonite granule size and granule swelling on hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai Univ. Shanghai, 200444, PR China;2. School of Engineering, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA;3. Wisconsin Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Geological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA;1. Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China;2. Yancheng Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng, 224051, China;3. Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QF, UK;1. GeoEngineering Centre at Queen''s-RMC, Queen''s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada;2. GeoEngineering Centre at Queen''s-RMC, Queen''s University, Ellis Hall, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada;3. Barrington Batchelor Distinguished University Professor and Canada Research Chair in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, GeoEngineering Centre at Queen''s-RMC, Queen''s University, Ellis Hall, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada;1. Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil;2. University of Lyon / ENTPE, Laboratory of Tribology and System Dynamics (LTDS) (UMR CNRS 5513), 3 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France;3. EIFFAGE Infrastructures Research & Innovation Department, Cedex, 8 Rue Du Dauphiné CS74005, 69964, Corbas, France;4. Afitexinov, Route Du Pont Du Diable, 38110, Cessieu, France;5. IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, F-59000, Lille, France;1. School of Engineering and IT, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia;2. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia;3. Logan City Council, Queensland, Australia;1. WSP E&I Canada Ltd, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5W3, Canada;2. Thiel Engineering, Oregon House, CA, 95962, USA;3. GeoEngineering Centre at Queen''s–RMC, Queen''s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 4P5, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Flow in an idealized geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) containing bentonite comprised of equisized and equispaced square granules was simulated using a hydrodynamic model to quantitatively evaluate the premise that the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs diminishes as the bentonite granules hydrate and swell into adjacent intergranular pores, creating smaller and tortuous intergranular flow paths. Predictions with the model indicate that hydraulic conductivity decreases as granules swell and intergranular pores become smaller, and that greater granule swelling during hydration is required to achieve low hydraulic conductivity when the bentonite is comprised of larger granules, or the bentonite density is lower (lower bentonite mass per unit area). Predictions made with the model indicate that intergranular pores become extremely small (<1 μm) as the hydraulic conductivity approaches 10?11 m/s. These outcomes are consistent with experimental data showing that GCLs are more permeable when hydrated and permeated with solutions that suppress swelling of the bentonite granules, and that the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs with bentonite having smaller intergranular pores (e.g., GCLs with smaller bentonite granules, more broadly graded particles, or higher bentonite density) is less sensitive to solutions that suppress swelling. |
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| Keywords: | Geosynthetic clay liner Hydraulic conductivity Bentonite Granules Swelling |
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