Interactions between dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation when rye-based diets are fed to broiler chickens 2. Performance, nutrient digestibility and the fat-soluble vitamin status of livers

We analyzed retrospectively the outcome of 169 patients in chronic hemodialysis (CHD), divided into four groups: 1) 24 patients with diabetic nephropathy (age 53.7 +/- 11 years); 2) 19 with polycystic kidney disease (age 55.3 +/- 9 years) 3) 43 patients older than 60 when starting chronic hemodialysis with etiologies different from diabetes and polycystic kidney disease (age 69.2 +/- 5.8 years) and 4) 83 patients younger than 60 with diverse etiologies (age 42.8 +/- 12.4 years). In groups 1, 2 and 3 serum creatinine, arterial hypertension at the beginning, morbility, mortality and its causes were registered. In group 1, the prevalence of severe diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease at the beginning were also analyzed. In all groups survival was determined. Of the diabetics, 92% presented severe diabetic retinopathy and 88% cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of hypertension was 100, 74 and 67% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p = 0.13). Twelve diabetics died before the first year of treatment; there was no difference in creatinine, age, cardiovascular disease, severe retinopathy and hypertension with those who lived more than one year. The percentage of time in risk hospitalized and the days/patients/year hospitalized were significantly different between group 1 and 3 and group 2 (p < 0.001). Patients were hospitalized for similar causes in groups 1 and 3: the initiation of CHD, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The main causes of death in groups 1 and 3 were: cardiovascular disease and sudden death at home. Survival was better in group 2 compared with group 1 (p = 0.0014) but was similar between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.21) even though there was a difference of 15 years between them. The Cox's proportional hazard model identified as risk factors diabetes, age, year of starting chronic hemodialysis and hospitalization episodes, adjusted for covariates. The outcome of diabetic patients in chronic hemodialysis showed high morbidity and mortality and was quite similar to that of elderly patients.