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Microstructure and gas-surface interaction studies of a low-density carbon-bonded carbon fiber composite in atmospheric entry plasmas
Affiliation:1. von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chaussée de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium;2. Vrjie Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Elsene/Brussel, Belgium;1. Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (iMMC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place du Levant, 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;2. Cenaero, Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;3. von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chaussée de Waterloo 72, 1640 Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium;1. Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Italy;2. Structures and Materials Department, Italian Aerospace Research Centre (CIRA), Italy;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;2. Advanced Technology & Systems Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;3. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;4. NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;5. Entry Systems and Technology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;1. University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire des Composites ThermoStructuraux (LCTS), UMR 5801: CNRS-Safran-CEA-Univ. Bordeaux, 3, Allée de La Boétie, 33600 Pessac, France;2. von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chaussée de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium;3. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy;4. CEA, CESTA, 15 Avenue des Sablières, 33114 Le Barp, France
Abstract:Carbon-bonded carbon fiber (CBCF) composites are a cost-effective solution for the production of low-density carbon-phenolic Thermal Protection Systems (TPS). This new TPS for spacecraft requires new experimental data for model development and validation. Ablation experiments of a CBCF composite were carried out in an inductively-coupled plasma generator to assess the performance in high-enthalpy flows. Surface temperatures up to 2900 K led to strong surface ablation and test samples of hemispherical shape responded with constant surface temperatures and recession rates. Cylindrical samples experienced a continuous surface temperature increase. Emission spectra of the cyano radical CN were indicative of a 4–5 mm reactive boundary layer. Deviation from thermal equilibrium was found by comparison to simulated spectra. Micrographs revealed an oxidation zone in the order of 0.2 mm at the surface, suggesting a gas phase diffusion controlled ablation regime. Strong corrosion of the fibers in nitrogen plasma is attributed to wall nitridation.
Keywords:A  Carbon–carbon composites (CCC)  B  High-temperature properties  Ablation  D  Surface analysis
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