The carbon footprint of maize production as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and maize-legume rotations

Studies on the sustainability of crop production systems should consider both the carbon (C) footprint and the crop yield. Knowledge is urgently needed to estimate the C cost of maize (Zea mays L.) production in a continuous monoculture or in rotation with a leguminous crop, the popular rotation system in North America. In this study, we used a 19-year field experiment with maize under different levels of synthetic N treatments in a continuous culture or rotation with forage legume (Alfalfa or red clover; Medicago sativa L./Trifolium pratense L.) or soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) to assess the sustainability of maize production systems by estimating total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (kg?CO₂ eq?ha^?1) and the equivalent C cost of yield or C footprint (kg?CO₂ ?eq?kg^?1?grain). High N application increased both total GHG emissions and the C footprint across all the rotation systems. Compared to continuous maize monoculture (MM), maize following forage (alfalfa or red clover; FM) or grain (soybean; SM) legumes was estimated to generate greater total GHG emissions, however both FM and SM had a lower C footprint across all N levels due to increased productivity. When compared to MM treated with 100?kg?N?ha^?1, maize treated with 100?kg?N?ha^?1, following a forage legume resulted in a 5?% increase in total GHG emissions while reducing the C footprint by 17?%. Similarly, in 18 out of the 19-year period, maize treated with 100?kg?N?ha^?1, following soybean (SM) had a minimal effect on total GHG emissions (1?%), but reduced the C footprint by 8?%. Compared to the conventional MM with the 200?kg?N?ha^?1 treatment, FM with the 100?kg?N?ha^?1 treatment had 40?% lower total GHG emissions and 46?% lower C footprint. Maize with 100?kg?N?ha^?1 following soybean had a 42?% lower total GHG emissions and 41?% lower C footprint than MM treated with 200?kg?N?ha^?1. Clearly, there was a trade-off among total GHG emissions, C footprint and yield, and yield and GHG emissions or C footprint not linearly related. Our data indicate that maize production with 100?kg?N?ha^?1 in rotation with forage or grain legumes can maintain high productivity while reducing GHG emissions and the C footprint when compared to a continuous maize cropping system with 200?kg?N?ha^?1.