Geology, mineralogy and stable isotope geochemistry of the cesano geothermal field (Sabatini Mts. volcanic system, Northern Latium, Italy)

Some deep wells (1400–3000 m) have been drilled into the volcanic system of the Sabatini Mts., north of Rome, in search of high enthalpy geothermal fluids.Baccano caldera has formed over a carbonate structural high with a Quaternary volcanic cover, on the inside of a large graben that developed from the Upper Miocene and is characterized by a strong positive thermal anomaly. A spatially irregular Neogenic neoautochthon cycle, an allochthonous flysch complex (‘Sicilidi’ s.l.) and a Meso-Cenozoic ‘basal’ carbonate sequence were recognized in the sediments crossed by these wells below the volcanic cover. The observed structural setting can be correlated to that of analogous outcropping structures (Mt. Soratte) and shows a tensional tectonic phase overlying an older, mainly compressional phase.The stratigraphic and mineralogic analyses revealed important differences in the Trias, which is mainly calcareous in the western sector of the area and anhydritic in the eastern: the two facies at present seem to be tectonically brought closer to one another.The isotopic analyses all show values comparable to those of the sedimentary carbonate host rocks, suggesting limited circulation of the hydrothermal fluids. ¹⁸O/¹⁶O analyses on specimens in the most restrictive locations next to interfaces show a relatively larger extent of isotopic exchange with aqueous fluids.Fluid circulation, which is mainly extinct, seems to belong to a closed system. Two types of circulation have been recognized: the first of these is connected to the stratigraphic discontinuities (especially at the contact between the allochthonous flysch complex and the basal carbonate sequence) and is characterized by mainly K-feldspar and Sulphide-Sulphate mineralizations; the second circulation is tied to the fracture systems and is particularly widespread in the pyroclastic cover where it appears in the form of sulphate- and carbonate-rich dykes. This system seems to have undergone a mixing with surface waters.