Fire whirls in forest fires: An experimental analysis

This work presents a study on the formation of fire whirls with vertical axis on wildfires at laboratory scale. A particularity of the study is the use of typical forest fuels instead of fossil fuels as seen in some of previous studies on this topic. The forest fuels tested in the experiments were dead needles of Pinus pinaster, straw of Avena sativa, dead leaves of Eucalyptus globulus and a mix of shrubs mainly composed by heather (Erica australis) and gorse (Pterospartum tridentatum). The experimental results of the tests with and without forced flow inside a fire whirl generator were compared with tests in similar conditions out of the generator. It was possible to evaluate the effects of fuel bed size, bulk density and external vorticity on several parameters like flame height and diameter, mass decay and heat release rate. The results show that forced flow increases dramatically the burning rate and reduces the time needed to achieve a high rate of energy release. Comparison with results of other sources show that the flames that are generated in the present fire whirl generator are in a transition from fire whirl to pool fire regime and that it is possible to scale up some flow and thermal properties of field scale fire whirls and to derive predictive models on the basis of laboratory scale experiments.