Systematic analysis of glycosphingolipids in the human gastrointestinal tract: Enrichment of sulfatides with hydroxylated longer-chain fatty acids in the gastric and duodenal mucosa |
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Authors: | Hitomi Natomi Toshihito Saitoh Kentaro Sugano Masao Iwamori Masahisa Fukayama Yoshitaka Nagai |
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Affiliation: | (1) The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113 Tokyo, Japan;(2) Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113 Tokyo, Japan;(3) The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, 113 Tokyo, Japan;(4) Department of Medicine II, Tokyo Women's Medical College Daini Hospital, 2-1-10 Nishiogu, Arakawa-ku, 116 Tokyo, Japan |
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Abstract: | The composition of the glycosphingolipids of the human gastrointestinal tract was studied. The major neutral glycosphingolipids were ceramide monohexosides (e.g., GalCer, GlcCer), LacCer, Gb3Cer, Gb4Cer and more polar ones with more than four sugars, whereas neither Gg3Cer nor Gg4Cer were present. The acidic glycosphingolipids consisted of sulfatides and gangliosides such as GM3, GM1, GD3 and GD1a. Also a large amount of sulfatides was found in the gastric mucosa and duodenum. The concentrations of sulfatides in the fundic mucosa, antral mucosa and duodenum amounted to 416.0, 933.8 and 682.9 nmol/g of dry weight, respectively, exceeding those in the gastric mucosa and kidney of other mammals. The major molecular species of the sulfatides were identified as I3SO3-GalCer with hydroxylated longer-chain fatty acids based on the analyses by gas-liquid chromatography and negative ion fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. In contrast, gangliosides in these regions showed a tendency to be lower than sulfatides, and the molar ratios of sulfatides to gangliosides were about 2.0, whereas those in other parts were less than 0.5. A high content of sulfatides in the gastric and duodenal mucosa, where mucosa is easily insulted by acid, pepsin and bile salts, may be closely related to their roles in mucosal protection. The nomenclature used for gangliosides and other glycosphingolipids follows the system of Svennerholm (Ref. 1) and the recommendation of the IUPAC-IUB Commission (Ref. 2), respectively. |
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