中美土地复垦质量控制标准对比研究——以草原露天矿区为例

在新时期国土空间生态修复背景下，对比中美两国土地复垦质量控制标准编制方式和内容差异，完善和优化我国土地复垦质量控制标准至关重要。本文以中国北方草原区与美国怀俄明州为例，系统对比了地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、水文恢复标准的差异，揭示了我国相关标准的完善方向。结果与结论:①我国地貌重塑柔性表达不足，可更充分体现注重恢复采前地貌和景观协调并相应调整参数范围等；②土壤重构质量控制，可考虑根据矿种和复垦方向丰富土壤质量选择性指标；③我国植被重建质量控制局限于可测指标的定量数值，宜完善植被种类和重建时限标准，设定采前参照区并使用数理统计核验复垦质量；④根据采前信息增加水环境恢复的相关控制标准；⑤推动当前行业标准上升为国家标准。研究成果有助于变“末端控制”思维为全过程管理，变后端刚性指标阈值控制为参照采前基准信息，变注重生产能力为恢复生态功能，提升复垦质量管理全程化、科学化、精准化和普适化。

The comparison of quality control standards for land reclamation between China and the USA:A case study of grassland surface coal mines

Mineral resource extraction causes serious damage to land ecology and environment, therefore a perfect reclamation quality standard is crucial to the construction of ecological civilization in mined area. It is important to optimize the land reclamation quality control standards by revealing the differences in their methods and contents between China and the USA. This study systematically compared the quality control standards for land reclamation in the northern grassland region of China and Wyoming, in terms of reconstruction of landform, soil, vegetation, and hydrology. The result shows that the geomorphological reconstruction does not focus enough on the restoration of pre-mining landscape and landscape coordination, the soil reconstruction index system is comparatively weak, the control of vegetation reconstruction is limited to quantitative values of measurable indicators and does not considering the pre-mining plant growth, and there is a lack of control standards for hydrological restoration quality. The study proposes the following improvement through a point-by-point approach: (1) adjusting the parameter range of terrain indicators to control the terrain restoration to approximate the pre-mining landscape; (2) enriching the soil quality control index system according to the mining species and reclamation direction; (3) improving the control standards of vegetation type and reconstruction time frame, setting the pre-mining reference area and using mathematical statistics to verify the reclamation quality; (4) increasing the control standards of water resources restoration according to the pre-mining information; (5) promoting the standards to the national level. The results of the study can provide a theoretical basis for scientific guidance on quality control of land reclamation and improvement of indicating reclamation success.