Improving hydrogen refueling stations to achieve minimum refueling costs for small bus fleets |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Fronius International GmbH, Guenter-Fronius-Straße 1, 4600 Thalheim, Austria;2. K1-MET GmbH, Stahlstraße 14, 4020 Linz, Austria;1. Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;2. Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research Group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;3. Department of Energy and Process Engineering & ENERSENSE, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, PR China;2. Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, PR China;3. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Heat-exchange System and Energy Saving, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, PR China;1. U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 3610 Collins Ferry Road, P.O. Box 880, Morgantown, WV, 26507-0880;2. NETL Support Contractor, 3610 Collins Ferry Road Morgantown, WV, 25607, USA;1. Department of Electrical Automation, Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Cangzhou, 061001, China;2. Computer Department, Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Cangzhou, 061001, China;3. Enrolment and Vocation Guidance Office, Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Cangzhou, 061001, China;4. Electrical Engineering Department, Sun-Life Company, Baku, Azerbaijan;1. State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an 710049, Shaanxi, China;2. College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, Shandong, China;3. College of Bioresources Chemical & Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi''an 710021, Shaanxi, China |
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| Abstract: | Fuel cell vehicles using green hydrogen as fuel can contribute to the mitigation of climate change. The increasing utilization of those vehicles creates the need for cost efficient hydrogen refueling stations. This study investigates how to build the most cost efficient refueling stations to fuel small fleet sizes of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 fuel cell busses. A detailed physical model of a hydrogen refueling station was built to determine the necessary hydrogen storage size as well as energy demand for compression and precooling of hydrogen. These results are used to determine the refueling costs for different station configurations that vary the number of storage banks, their volume and compressor capacity.It was found that increasing the number of storage banks will decrease the necessary total station storage volume as well as energy demand for compression and precooling. However, the benefit of adding storage banks decreases with each additional bank. Hence the cost for piping and instrumentation to add banks starts to outweigh the benefits when too many banks are used. Investigating the influence of the compressor mass flow found that when fueling fleets of 2 or 4 busses the lowest cost can be reached by using a compressor with the minimal mass flow necessary to refill all storage banks within 24 h. For fleets of 8, 16 and 32 busses, using the compressor with the maximum investigated mass flow of 54 kg/h leads to the lowest costs. |
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| Keywords: | Techno-economic optimization Green hydrogen Hydrogen refueling Cost efficiency |
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