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Measurements of Particulate (PM2.5), BC and Trace Gases Over the Northwestern Himalayan Region of India |
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| Authors: | S K Sharma T K Mandal C Sharma Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal Ranjan Joshi Pitamber Prasad Dhyani Rohtash A Sen H Ghayas N C Gupta Priyanka Sharma M Saxena A Sharma B C Arya Arun Kumar |
| Affiliation: | 1. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India 2. G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu, 175 126, India 3. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263 643, India 4. University School of Environment Management, GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110 078, India |
| Abstract: | Ambient trace gases (NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2) and black carbon (BC) were measured along with particulate matter (PM2.5) over the northwestern Himalayan region (Palampur, Kullu, Shimla, Solan and Nahan) of Himachal Pradesh (HP), India in a campaign mode during 12–22 March 2013 to evaluate the ambient air quality of the region. The average mixing ratio of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 were recorded as 7.1 ± 2.6, 3.1 ± 1.3, 3.9 ± 1.4 and 1.7 ± 0.7 ppb respectively over the northwestern Himalayan region. The average concentration of BC was estimated as 2.2 ± 0.5 µg m?3 over the region whereas average concentration of PM2.5 mass was estimated as 41.8 ± 7.9 µg m?3. The spatial variation of ambient trace gases (NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2), BC and PM2.5 over the northwestern Himalayan region, India reveals that the region is mainly influenced by local activities, i.e., tourism activities, agricultural activities, biomass burning and vehicular emission. A significant positive linear correlation of NH3 and NH4 + with SO4 2?, NO3 ? and Cl? (NH4 + vs. SO4 2? , r 2 = 0.652; NH4 + vs. NO3 ?, r 2 = 0.701; and NH4 + vs. Cl?, r 2 = 0.627) of the PM2.5 indicates the possible formation of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl aerosols over the region. |
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