Auto-accelerative water damage in an epoxy composite reinforced with plain-weave flax fabric |
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| Authors: | Roger H Newman |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;1. Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada;3. Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada;4. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada;1. KU Leuven, Dept. Materials Engineering, Campus Groep T, Composite Materials Group, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;2. KU Leuven, Dept. Materials Engineering, Campus De Nayer, Composite Materials Group, Jan De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium;3. KU Leuven, Dept. Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium;4. UCLouvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.10, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;1. LIMATB, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des matériaux de Bretagne, Equipe Polymères et Composites, Rue de Saint Maudé BP 92116, 56321 Lorient, France;2. IFREMER, Marine Structures Group, Brest Centre, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France;1. C2MA, Ecole des mines d’Alès, F-30319 Alès, France;2. FEMTO-ST UMR6174, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France;3. DRIVE EA1859, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-58000 Nevers, France |
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| Abstract: | Water diffusivity was measured through 12 wet–dry cycles, for epoxy resin reinforced with plain-weave flax fabric. Electron microscopy revealed micro-cracks that provided routes for water uptake. Water damage was characterised by the volume of pores, expressed as percent of the total volume of the composite. Water diffusivity doubled for every increase of 2.3% in the volume of pores, until a plateau was reached after several cycles, when water diffusivity was 10 times as great as on first immersion. The amount of water absorbed by the flax–epoxy composite was an order of magnitude larger than that reported for unsaturated polyester resin reinforced by plain-woven E-glass fabric, yet the extent of water damage and associated changes in diffusivity were similar. Results were consistent with a damage mechanism in which both flax fibres and matrix become swollen when wet, but the fibres shrink faster than the matrix when dried. |
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