疫情背景下的人居环境规划与设计学术笔谈

摘要　2020 年伊始爆发的新冠肺炎疫情，冲击了全球范围内的社会、经济等众多领域。围绕“疫情背景下的人居环境规划与设计”主题， 邀请了王世福、黄建中、张天尧等多位专家学者笔谈。王世福通过对我国人居环境的短板和治理盲区的反思，从宏观的城市到微观的社 区，有针对性地提出了韧性城市建设的相关内容，包括：将健康影响评估纳入城市规划、建设与管理全过程；加强综合防灾专项规划的 公共健康韧性；提升城市公共空间应急响应能力；提高公共设施空间通用性和稳健性；提升韧性社区的应急治理能力等。魏成以疫情下 新型基础设施建设的需求出发，探讨将大数据、云计算、人工智能、物联网等为主的“新基建”，积极纳入城乡规划与人居环境建设之中， 以期改善和提质设施供给与防灾减灾的智能化应用，并推动多方协作、多元互动的创新治理决策平台的形成。袁媛对在疫情中如何有效 提高城市医疗设施的应急能力，提出规划构建合理的基层医疗分区，梳理医疗设施配置模式在医疗分区内选择基础条件优良的街镇一级 医疗设施作为传染病初级分诊点，以及培育居民分诊就医习惯，提升城市在公共卫生事件冲击下的韧性等建议。单卓然基于线下零售服 务空间组织的“规模收缩、多心扁平、均衡分散化”过程，正在超常规加速，而且可能难以逆转的趋势，反观我国大城市空间治理中现 行的线下零售空间组织政策，提出四点建议，包括：“定点造极”转型“动态组网”，有限公共资源优先向市边缘区、区边缘街道投放； 研究优化零售商业网点规划配建标准；增强评估零售商业用地调规效应；搭建城市“一张网”零售服务动态监测平台。向科围绕公共空 间与私人空间、物理空间与虚拟空间等展开辩证的讨论，通过对疫情期间，物理性公共空间与虚拟公共空间的变化的研究，指出在快速 变迁和不断拓展的现实中，需要反复思考公共空间公共性的立场，从而构建新的公共空间结构、内容和形式。黄建中从社区角度的疫前、 疫中、疫后三个阶段，分析城市规划和治理工作之间相对脱节的问题，重点指出需要增加对基层单元的社区治理；后疫情时期，社区生 活圈应该是衔接空间与社会治理平台的重要单元。张天尧认为社区是卫生防疫等基本单元，作为基层区域性共同体，在公共卫生危机应 对中发挥着关键作用。针对健康社区治理的制度构建，从制度保障、协作网络、支撑系统三个方面提出了推动健康社区治理的建议。

Academic Discussions on Human Settlement Environmental Plan and Design in the Background of COVID-19 Epidemics

ABSTRACT　 The COVID-19 epidemics which broke out in the beginning of 2020 brought significant impacts to various aspects in the world, including society, economics, and so on. Several experts, such as Wang Shifu, Huang Jianzhong and Zhang Tianyao, were invited to have a conversation by writing over "human settlement environmental plan and design in the background of COVID-19 epidemics". Based on reflections on shortcomings and blind governance aspects of human settlement in China, Wang Shifu proposed some pointed measures for resilient urban construction from macroscopic cities to microscopic communities: (1) enlisting health impact assessment into the full process of urban planning, construction and governance; (2) strengthening public health resilience of special comprehensive disaster prevention plans; (3) improving emergency response capabilities to public urban spaces; (4) improving universality and robustness of public facility spaces; (5) improving emergency governance capabilities of resilience community. Focusing on demands for new infrastructure construction under occurrence of COVID-19, Wei Cheng discussed "new infrastructures" which were dominated by big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IOT), etc., Besides, he took the initiative to integrating them into urban-rural plan and human settlement environmental construction, aiming to improve and increase facility supply and intelligent applications of disaster control, and promote formation of innovative governance and decisionmaking platforms with collaboration of multiple parties and multiple interactions. To address the problem of how to improve emergency capacities of urban medical facilities in epidemics, Yuan Yuan put forward some suggestions, such as planning and constructing reasonable fundamental medical zoning, choosing first-level medical facilities of streets and towns where have excellent infrastructure conditions as primary diagnosis points of infectious diseases according to medical facility configuration modes, training separated diagnosis and treatment habits of residents, improvingresilience of cities from impacts of public health events, and so on. Shan Zhuoran pointed out that the process of "scale shrinking, multi-center flattening and equilibrium decentralization" based on spatial organization of offline retail service is accelerating at an unconventional speed, which might be difficult to be reverted. With respect to exiting spatial organization policies of offline retail services in space governance in metropolis in China, Shan Zhuoran proposed four suggestions, including: (1) transformation from "fixed-point building" to "dynamic networking". Finite public resources are input firstly to marginal areas of cities and marginal streets of districts. (2) studying standards for optimizing planning and setting of nodes in the retail business network; (3) strengthening assessment of regulating effect of retail business lands; (4) building the "one-network" retail service dynamic monitoring platform for cities. Xiang Ke carried out a dialectical discussion between public space and private space as well as between physical space and virtual space. By studying changes of physical public space and virtual public space during occurrence of epidemics, he pointed out that the publicity standpoint of a public space has to be reflected in the reality of fast changes and continuous expansion, thus constructing a new public spatial structure, content and forms. With considerations to three stages before, during and after epidemics from the perspective of community, Huang Jianzhong analyzed the relative separation problem between urban planning and urban governance. Specifically, he suggested to strengthening governance of community which was the basic unit. In late epidemic stage, the community-based living area shall be an important unit to connect space and social governance platform. Zhang Tianrao believed that community is the basic unit for epidemic prevention. As a fundamental regional common area, community plays the key role in responses to public health crisis. With respect to relevant institutional construction, some suggestions for health community governance were proposed from perspectives of institutional guarantee, collaborative network and supporting system