儿童友好视角下城市公园品质与可达性研究 ——以巴塞罗那学龄前儿童为例

具备可进入的绿色空间、游乐场地是儿童友好城市衡量中的核心指标，也是城市公园提供的必要服务之一。聚焦对城市公园需求度和使用率较高的学龄前儿童，尝试建构综合考虑城市公园品质和可达性的分析及评估方法。选取联合国儿童友好城市——西班牙巴塞罗那为案例，基于实地调研、开源地图、官方统计数据等，使用儿童友好的公园品质指数（QUINPY）和空间句法可达性模型开展综合评价，并结合学龄前儿童人口密度分布，提出有针对性的改善建议，基于不同的需求和现状，选取改善城市交通步行环境、合理增加结构性设施或者鼓励分时段及立体化拓展空间使用可能性等适宜性创新措施。以期为我国儿童友好导向的城市公园发展建设提供参考。

Quality and Accessibility of Urban Parks from a Child-Friendly Perspective: a case study of preschool children in Barcelona

China has entered a period of social development, with emphasis shifting from product quantity to quality, along with increases in calls for people-oriented and social justice. Further, child-friendliness is becoming a significant concern for urban development; accessibility to green spaces and playgrounds is a core metric of how child-friendly a city is, being an important service provided by urban parks. Preschoolers have significantly different park requirements than other groups, and are also one of the main users of parks. This article focuses on preschool children with high demand and utilization rates in urban parks, and attempts to construct a rapid analysis and evaluation method that comprehensively considers the quality and accessibility of urban parks.　Based on Barcelona, which is a child-friendly city in Spain, this study carried out a comprehensive evaluation by using the Quality Index of Parks for Youth (QUINPY) and space syntax accessibility model based on field research, open-source maps, and official statistics. This empirical study found that, with respect to spatial distribution, there are few high-quality parks in the center of Barcelona, but dense parks at the fringes. This spatial distribution is closely related to the local topographical conditions and construction development. The accessibility evaluation results exhibit a trend of gradual weakening from the center to the suburbs of the city. Most parks with high accessibilities are located in the expansion area of the geographic center of the city, while parks with low accessibility are located in areas near the mountains and coasts. Based on the analysis results of the two aforementioned dimensions of child-friendly qualities and spatial accessibility, this study further comprehensively evaluated the internal potential and external attractive potential of parks for preschool children. All parks can be classified into four types: high quality/high accessibility, high quality/low accessibility, low quality/high accessibility, and low quality/low accessibility. Improvement measures must be combined with the needs of children in each community. Therefore, this study further took the population density of children and the fairness of the distribution into consideration. Among them, low quality/higher accessibility parks were often located in areas with higher child density and greater demand, thus displaying great potential for renovation. The high quality/low accessibility parks should improve their traffic accessibility from the overall spatial planning of the city. Combining the population density distribution of preschool children, some specific suitable improvement suggestions are proposed, such as improving the walking environment in cities and increasing the structural facilities reasonably based on different demands, or encouraging the period-based and three-dimensional expansion of park spaces. 　　Based on geographic information data, an evaluation framework for preschool children was constructed in the present study, by combining park quality evaluation with accessibility analysis. It provides a quick and direct method for measuring the level of child-friendly services in parks on an urban scale. Moreover, this framework can help designers and managers clearly diagnose the relative advantages and disadvantages of urban parks in terms of the macro-layout and micro-design, enabling the formulation of a more targeted improvement plan. This study is expected to provide a reference for the development and construction of child-friendly urban parks in China.