深圳公共租赁住房入户调研及居住需求对比

容积率与面积标准的双重制约下，深圳公共租赁住房套型设计较为单一。深圳作为移民城市，公共租赁住房申请人更为年轻，家庭结构多元。探析公共租赁住房在使用中普遍存在的问题及居民需求，可为其设计提供有益参考。通过调查问卷、入户调研及访谈的方式，对典型公共租赁住房套型进行调查，并对同一面积标准下不同家庭结构使用情况进行对比分析。深圳公共租赁住房居住者家庭结构多样，户均使用人数超过设计配租人数的现象普遍存在。当前套型设计存在不同功能空间面积配比及尺寸设计不合理现象，套型灵活性较差。深圳公共租赁住房配租面积应与实际居住人数、家庭结构进行适配。套型布局、面积分配及空间尺寸需要仔细推敲，同时增加灵活性，以应对多样化需求。

Household Survey of Public Rental Housing Units and a Comparison of Residential Demand in Shenzhen

As one of the newest megacities in China, Shenzhen has a large demand for housing. To meet the housing needs of low-medium-income families, Shenzhen has been increasing its supply of various types of policy-related houses since 2010. Under the dual constraints of plot ratio and area standards, the design of public rental housing units in Shenzhen is unitary. The applicants for public rental housing in Shenzhen are younger, and their family structures are diversified. In this study, common problems in the use of public rental housing and the needs of residents were analyzed, which could provide a useful reference for designing public rental housing.Residents’ satisfaction and the use of public rental housing units were investigated through a questionnaire survey. Typical public rental housing units were analyzed through household surveys and interviews. Furthermore, a comparative analysis on the use of different family structure units under the same area standards was carried out. Five of 33 public rental housing estates, with more than 1000 residential units constructed from 2010 to 2019 in Shenzhen, were selected as research objects, according to analysis results. Four structures of typical units were selected for analysis: one bedroom (floor area: 35~40 m2), one bedroom and one living room (floor area: 40~50 m2), one bedroom and one living room plus a multi-function room (floor area: 50~55 m2), and two bedrooms and one living room (floor area: 50~65 m2). A total of 147 questionnaires were collected, covering 67 households.　　According to the satisfaction survey, the residents' satisfaction for each functional space was moderate, the satisfaction for living rooms and master bedrooms was relatively good, and the satisfaction degree for the secondary bedroom was the lowest. With respect to the comprehensive performance, the satisfaction degree of building orientation, ventilation, and lighting was higher. However, residents were not satisfied with the number and area of the rooms. There are several different family structures that use public rental housing in Shenzhen, and it is common to see that the number of users per household exceeds the number of designed tenants. The household survey showed that the number of actual residents was higher than the number of allocated tenants in 34 households. The typical units of all area ranges that are consistent with the number of allocated tenants can meet only their basic needs. However, it is common to see that the area ratio and size design of different functional spaces are unreasonable, increasing the levels of inconvenience. The units in which the number of actual residents exceeds the number of allocated tenants have more issues. The main reason for this is that the flexibility of the unit is poor, and it is difficult to meet the sleep schedule requirements and other daily functional needs of an excessive number of residents.　　The allocated area of public rental housing should be adapted to the actual number of residents and the family structure rather than simply conforming to the registered permanent residence and residence permits in Shenzhen. On one hand, the unit layout, area allocation, and space size need to be carefully considered. On the other hand, the flexibility must be increased. (1) The area and size of the functional space must meet the basic functional requirements to avoid function spillover. (2) In a short period of time, the sleeping needs of residents should be considered as much as possible, since it is difficult to fully match the allocated rental area and the actual number of residents. (3) The diverse usage needs of residents living in a functional space—such as the master bedroom—and the needs for child care and other functions, should be considered fully. When designing public rental housing, the relationships among standardization, small area units, and diversified needs must be explored to improve the residents' quality of life.