Effect of Hf additions on phase transformation,microstructural stability,and hardness of nanocrystalline 304L stainless steels synthesized by mechanical alloying |
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Affiliation: | 1. Necmettin Erbakan University, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Konya 42090, Turkey;2. Necmettin Erbakan University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Konya 42090, Turkey |
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Abstract: | 304L stainless steels with Hf additions were nanostructured by mechanical alloying (MA) and annealed at temperatures up to 1100 °C. The results showed that face-centered cubic (fcc) phase in 304L transformed to body-centered cubic (bcc) phase during MA. The in-situ studies revealed that bcc-to-fcc phase transformation completed after 105 min annealing at 900 °C for 304L, whereas Hf addition increased the required time and temperature for the complete transformation. The grain size of 304L stainless steel was ~10 nm after MA and remained ~167 and ~293 nm after annealing at 900 and 1100 °C, respectively, with Hf addition in comparison to 960 nm average grain size of base 304L stainless steel after annealing at 900 °C. The hardness of 304L increased from ~200 HV to 408 HV after MA and remained 329 HV after annealing at 1100 °C with Hf addition as opposed to 195 HV hardness of 304L. |
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Keywords: | Mechanical alloying In-situ XRD Isothermal annealing Grain growth Phase transformation 304L |
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