Irish National Food Ingredient Database: application for assessing patterns of additive usage in foods.

Patterns of food additive usage in the Irish food supply and changes in patterns of usage between 1995-97 and 1998-99 were assessed by means of an Irish National Food Ingredient Database (INFID). Of the 300 additives permitted for use according to the European Union food additives Directives, some 54% were recorded in foods in INFID. Colours, emulsifiers and acids were the most frequently used additive categories, representing 18, 13 and 12% of the total additives used, respectively. Colours were most commonly recorded in sauces (n = 182 brands, 26% of sauces), emulsifiers were most commonly recorded in biscuits (n = 181 brands, 47% of biscuits) and acids were most commonly recorded in sauces (304 brands, 43% of sauces). Carotenes (E160a), Annatto (E160b), mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E471) and citric acid (E330) were the most commonly used colour, emulsifier and acid, respectively. All diet soft drinks (n = 37), low-fat spreads (n = 25) and liver patés (n = 10) recorded the use of at least one additive. When expressed in terms of the number of brands that contain additives, sauces (n = 522, 73% of sauces), biscuits (n = 323, 84% of biscuits) and preserves (n = 321, 85% of preserves) were ranked highest. For most categories of additive (n = 24), there appeared to be a minimal change in qualitative additive usage between 1995-97 and 1998-99. However, there was a significant increase in the frequency of use of emulsifiers (p < 0.001), acids (p < 0.01), sweeteners (p < 0.05) and acidity regulators (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease in the frequency of use of antioxidants (p < 0.05) during the period 1998-99 compared with 1995-97. Despite changes in additive usage patterns, it appeared that changes in the types of brands on sale between both periods were more apparent than actual changes in qualitative ingredient formulations across brands, as some 17% of brands that were on sale in 1995-97 were no longer on sale in 1998-99.