Heavy metal behaviour during the activated sludge process I. Extent of soluble and insoluble metal removal |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;3. Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;4. School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Shanghai Technical College of Urban Management, Shanghai 200432, China;1. Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO, UMR-241), IRD, Ifremer, UPF and ILM, Tahiti, French Polynesia;2. Laboratoire de Géosciences du Pacifique Sud, Université de la Polynésie française, Tahiti, French Polynesia;3. Laboratoire d''Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Univ. Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, F-29280 Brest, France;4. Departamento de Oceanografìa Fisica, Centro de Investigacion Cientìfica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico;5. ALSEAMAR-ALCEN company, 60 avenue Olivier Perroy, 13790 Rousset, France;6. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-INSU, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, Laboratoire d''Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France;7. Mercator Océan, 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France;8. Direction Inter Régionale de Polynésie Française, Météo France, BP 6005 98702, Tahiti, French Polynesia |
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| Abstract: | The extent of removal of Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn and their distribution between the soluble and insoluble phases in the influent, and effluent of the activated sludge process has been studied using a pilot-scale plant operated at sludge ages of 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. Molybdenum, Tl, Co, Mn and Ni were >50% soluble in the influent settled sewage. The mean removals of the former two metals were <3% and the latter three were 35 and 50%. Silver, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were all <35% soluble in the influent and had substantial removals of >75%. Solubilities were greater in the effluent than the influent with the exception of Mn. The observed overall removals of Ag, Bi, Co, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn were almost entirely due to insoluble metal removal; Cd, Cr and Cu removals had a significant contribution from soluble metal removal. Overall Mn removal appeared to be solely due to soluble metal removal. |
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