Effects of different nutrient supply on metabolism and mammary immune response to an LPS challenge in early lactation of dairy cows

Energy and nutrient deficiency in dairy cows in early lactation is considered to contribute to their increased susceptibility to mastitis. We have tested the hypothesis that feeding diets with high contents of either nitrogenic, glucogenic, or lipogenic components in early lactation affects both the endocrine and metabolic status, as well as the mammary immune competence. After calving, cows were fed increasing amounts of concentrate up to 10 kg/d rich in crude protein (nitrogenic, n = 10), glucogenic precursors (glucogenic, n = 11), or lipids (lipogenic, n = 11). In wk 3, one udder quarter was challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli. Blood and milk were sampled on the day before LPS challenge (d −1), and on d 0, 1, 2, 3, and 9 after LPS challenge. On the day of LPS challenge additional samples were taken hourly for quarter milk and every 3 h for blood. Urea concentrations were higher in plasma and milk of cows fed the nitrogenic diet. However, plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, as well as insulin, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were not affected by the different diets. The mammary immune challenge induced a substantial increase of somatic cell count (SCC) in the treated quarter, and a transient decrease of total milk yield and white blood cells similar in all diet groups for one day. The absolute phagocytosis of blood leukocytes was decreased; however, the phagocytosis per cell was increased in glucogenic-fed cows at 6 h after LPS challenge. During mammary inflammation an insulin resistance, shown by increased plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon, developed similarly in all diet groups. β-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids were decreased at 1 d after LPS challenge in glucogenic-fed cows only. Cholesterol did not change, and triglycerides only decreased significantly in lipogenic-fed cows 6 h after challenge. On d 9 after LPS challenge, SCC and milk yield and metabolic factors were recovered in all groups. In conclusion, the endocrine and metabolic situation, and the immune response to intramammary LPS of dairy cows during early lactation was not substantially influenced by the elevated supply of nitrogenic, glucogenic, or lipogenic components due to the provided feed in this study.