Higher and better yields with less environmental pollution in Egypt through balanced fertilizer use

Nitrogen use per unit area in Egyptian agriculture is over 300 kg ha^–1. An annual average increase of about 2% till year 2000 was estimated. Fertilizers use is characterised by excessive N application, moderate P use and neglection of K and micronutrients. Consequently, nutrient imbalance occurs in crop plants. Subsidising N fertilizers resulted in their misuse and increasing losses. Efficiency of N use in different areas and crops is low. High nitrate concentrations were detected in drainage as well as ground water. Subsidy was removed and fertilizers handling was left to the free market in 1992/93, which resulted in drastic price increases. It could be demonstrated for many years and in farmers fields that yields can be considerably increased (20%) through balanced fertilizers use based on soil testing and plant analysis and adjusted according to the prevailing farming system, leading to more return and less N-use. Use of micronutrients foliar fertilizers leads to increase in root growth and higher uptake of macronutrients. Use of relatively high rates of fertilizers is still a must, however it should be optimised to obtain the highest possible efficiency. Making crop and location specific fertilizer recommendations available to farmers helps in increasing high quality yields, which results in high economic benefits, keeping agricultural production sustainable and decreasing pollution.