Empirical modeling of bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A.;2. Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, U.S.A.;1. Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China;2. Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, 59 Beiyingfang Middle Street, Beijing 100037, China;1. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China;2. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA;1. Centre for Water in Urban Areas, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;2. Chair of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;3. Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Research and Development, Neue Jüdenstraße 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;2. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States;3. Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Empirical bromate formation models were developed from observed batch ozonation data to simulate the effects of important water quality characteristics and treatment processes on bromate formation. Data generated from true batch ozonation studies with an orthogonal matrix design, served as the base for development of empirical models for bromate formation. The variables examined include pH, initial bromide concentration, alkalinity, ozone dose, ammonia and dissolved organic carbon level. This array of variables was selected to evaluate the effects of important water quality characteristics and treatment processes on the formation of bromate ion during water ozonation. Limited temperature variation data were also generated. Isolation and fractionation of natural organic matter (NOM) by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membrane techniques allowed assessment of source water variations and the role of molecular size on bromate formation. Multiple linear regression of logarithmic transformations was used to generate the models. Results obtained from the empirical models indicate that bromate formation is favored at high pH, initial bromide concentration, alkalinity and high ozone dose. On the other hand, increasing DOC and ammonia concentration decreased bromate formation. The models also indicated that NOM isolated from different water sources have a strong influence on bromate formation upon ozonation of model solutions composed of different membrane isolates. Both internal and external validation of the models demonstrated that the bromate models predicted bromate formation well. Finally, the models indicated that acid addition (pH depression) strategies can be used to control bromate formation. |
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