基于突发公共卫生事件下小区防疫响应的社区韧性建设规划思考 —?—以成都市小区防疫响应为例

社区被视为体现城市韧性的典型 代表，也是近年许多国家研究的热点议题。 2020年的新冠疫情是对城乡韧性的集中考 验，社区更成为直面病毒的主战场。作为社 区的基本组成单元，各个城市的居住小区在 本次疫情防控中展现出的自组织能力为未来 社区韧性建设提供了重要参考。成都市作为 全国千万以上人口城市中感染率最低的城市 之一，其小区的防疫响应是全国小区的缩影。 本文试图通过对成都小区防疫响应的总结， 对提升社区韧性建设提出规划层面的思考， 包括从空间导向走向人本导向、利用移动社 交平台推动公众参与、增强规划弹性应对发 展变化、将风险管理意识融入规划全过程以 及运用智慧技术助力精细化管理。

Thoughts on the Planning of Community Resilience Construction Based on Neighborhood Anti- COVID-19 Measures Under Public Health Emergencies: Taking Chengdu City as an Example

If comparing a city to a living body, resilience is like its immunity system, and community resilience is regarded as a typical representative of urban resilience, which has been the hot issue of many countries in recent years. The pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020 is a concentrated test for the resilience of all the urban and rural areas, and communities are the main battlefields besides ports. As the basic constituent unit of community, the self- organizing ability demonstrated by neighborhoods during this epidemic is an excellent demonstration of community resilience, and also an important reference for future community resilience construction and governance capacity improvement. As one of the cities with the lowest infection rate among cities with a population of more than 10 million nationwide, the practice in Chengdu neighborhood is typical. According to online news and self-media reports, the main anti-COVID-19 measures in Chengdu neighborhood include clarifying the situation of every individual in every household and strengthening the in and out management of neighborhood, using mobile social networking platform as the main communication tool, shortening the physical distance of facilities by offering door to door services, upgrading public health management measures, fighting against COVID-19 altogether with neighborhood volunteers and preliminary use of smart technology in community level to prevent and control the virus. This article attempts to propose thoughts on enhancing community resilience from aspect of urban and rural planning on the basis of anti-COVID-19 measures in Chengdu neighborhoods, including: 1) From space-oriented to human-oriented. In epidemic prevention and control, knowing the tracks of every person is the crucial point, so does in community planning. The demands of residents should be in the first place, instead of space, which is only the place holding activities. Community planning should be keenly aware of the demands and activities, especially when facing neighborhoods with already well-developed population characteristics. The abilities, skills and knowledge of individuals are also considered as important available resources for improving community resilience. Only in the circumstances of knowing enough of the abilities of the residents, can the community take timely targeted measures in emergencies. Mobilizing residential human resources is also a strong supplement to the current community governance in the case of regular epidemic prevention and control. Under the impact of this unknown epidemic, many residents take more active parts in community affairs, and also have showed that they have these abilities. Community planners should make full use of this arising senses of neighborhood belongings, use community planning as a platform to build public participation with scientific, objective, and neutral attitudes, assist communities to build neighborhood network, cultivate community spirit, and improve community governance ultimately. 2) Use mobile social networking platform to promote public participation. During the epidemic, online communication represented by WeChat group has become the most important communication method between community managers and residents, and has achieved sound effects. Community planning can use mobile social networking platform to share ideas more timely with residents, and residents also only need to use odd moments to reply. Meanwhile, online discussions can save a lot of time cost, and therefore it is possible to invite more experts and social forces to work together on specific community issues. 3) Enhance flexibility responding to future uncertainty. Community resilience does not mean to build a community without disaster, but to build a system that can adapt to various challenging changes, and has the ability of self- learning and self-organizing. Comparing to bigger areas, communities are more sensitive to outside influence. Community planning needs to stay focusing on new challenges and demands of communities, review and adjust in time, and experience the dynamic cycle of preparation, response and reconstruction together with the community. 4) Integrate risk management awareness into planning life cycle. This epidemic revealed the insufficiency of medical facilities treating infectious diseases in community level, but what the next risk will be like is completely unknown. On the one hand, community planning need to improve the facilities complement and spatial layout targeted after every emergency. On the other hand, community planning also need to do risk identification and evaluation in normal times, think about the possible situations under different risks, make multi-scenario planning and set aside elasticity indexes. 5) Use Smart technology to refine management. After the outbreak of COVID-19 occurred for a period of time, many regions have launched real-time COVID-19 distribution maps and health codes, conducting a delicacy management. Smart technology should be a competent assistant in risk management, not to mention in normal times. Communities can use technological means to integrate daily management work, establish its own dynamic databases and information platform, understand the community residents more accurately, and associate smart technology with every individual. As an important aspect of healthy city, the realization of resilience in city level depends on the accumulation and transmission from community level. Only by increasing the reaction speed to the crisis, strengthening the self-organization ability of community under the leadership of government, exerting the strength of every resident, can we form a resilient community and build resilient cities and countries.