乡村营造中的人、地、村三方维系研究 — —基于中日乡村营造的成功经验

以改善乡村环境和空间形态作为研 究的起点，通过中日乡村营造系统的对比研 究，提出基于人、地、村三方维系的乡村营造 新模式，把关注的重点转移到乡村营造过程 中人、地、村三方，探究其背后所存在的各自 特质以及三方维系，借鉴中日乡村营造的成 功案例，从建立乡村规章，及振兴乡村产业， 至优化乡村环境，归纳总结出现代乡村建设 所必须考虑的基本要素和必须遵循的营造准 则，以及具体的做法要求，为国内的乡村振 兴和可持续发展，提供一些可供参考的经验 和做法。

The Research of Inhabitant, Land and Village Tripartite Maintenance Based on Rural Construction in China and Japan

With the improvement of habitat environment and spatial morphology as the starting point of research, this paper focuses on the habitat environment improvement during rural construction, which illustrated by the comparative analysis of rural construction in-between China and Japan with the focus of historical process, relevant participants, and place-making system. Because of the differences in social system, economic development, and regional ideology, there exist the certain differences in rural construction between China and Japan. Through the comparison and analysis of the rural construction system, the reality of rural construction in China can be clarified and also the advantage of rural construction in Japan can be learned from. With the general trend of urban-rural integration development nowadays, it explores the new model of rural construction with national conditions and regional characteristics in China. The rural, in the traditional context, can be defined as the living condition composed of rural elements. Its essence is a kind of settlement existence based on aspects which contain life, rooted in environment, and focusing on primary industry. While the rural, in the contemporary context, can be regarded as the integrated status considered with rural elements. In consideration of categories, rural elements can be divided into inhabitant, land, and village. By comprehensively considering the relationship between inhabitant, land, and village, the modernization of the rural is driven by the modernization of the urban. On one hand, rural construction extends the historical context and spatial form of village. On the other hand, it improves the inhabitable standard and living quality of inhabitants. Therefore, the current rural construction is mainly built in the integrating process of inhabitant, land, and village. This study analyzes new model of integrated rural construction based on tripartite maintenance according to the actual situation of rural construction in China nowadays: First of all, from the viewpoint of maintenance in-between inhabitant and village, the formulation of rural regulations is the foundation among the construction, which contain contractual spirits, collective memories, and regional feelings. We should put the whole rural construction under the framework of rules with the consideration of unified thought and regulated operation. Secondly, from the viewpoint of maintenance in-between inhabitant and land, the revitalization of rural industry is the core issue among the construction. Based on adjusting the industrial structure of rural region, we should fully exploit and revitalize the rural industries with rural regional characteristics, which mainly focus on maximizing the utilization rate of land, promoting the overall development of rural economy, and providing stable jobs and incomes for villagers. With the lesson drawn from Japanese case-study and the request faced by Chinese actual situation, this creation of the maintenance can promote the sustainable development of rural areas from discovery (discovering value depressions among rural construction), transfer (transferring the advantages of urban construction to rural construction), and utilization (using all local resources to build the sustainable developed area). Lastly, from the viewpoint of maintenance in-between land and village, the ultimate goal of rural construction is to optimize rural environment and transmit regional context. In the process of rural construction, especial for traditional village, the three steps must be considered as follows: physiographic discovery, coding translation, and effective output. Rural construction must consider the regional context of rural areas, realizing the effective continuation and continuous inheritance of the rural regional context. Drawing lessons from the successful cases of the rural construction, the experiences and strategies could be summarized in order to provide references for the sustainable rural construction and sustainable development in China. Also, this study reveals that rural construction in China nowadays can be regarded as the integrated construction based on tripartite maintenance (Inhabitant, Land, and Village), which focusing on all-around preservation and sustainable development. It is not only a kind of protection and transformation of the material level and the hard environment, but also a kind of inheritance and dissemination of the spiritual level and the soft environment. Through the analysis of rural construction system, tripartite maintenance, and relevant cases in-between China and Japan, this study provides the theoretical foundation for the future rural construction in China: encouraging inhabitants to participate in rural construction; looking for distinctive regional industries; Improving the living environment; establishing the long-term and constraint mechanism; changing the interventions of architects. From the formal regulations of regional district, the flexible usage of regional industry, and the overall optimization of regional environment, it reveals the maintenance elements and construction principles which should be followed in the process of the habitat environment improvement during rural construction with several case studies in-between China and Japan. It is essential and necessary to build the path of rural construction with the consideration of national conditions and regional reality among Chinese rural construction in the future.