反渗透膜分离技术的创新性进展

水是地球上不可替代的宝贵的自然资源,是人类赖以生存和生产的不可缺少的基本物质.当前缺水已成为世界性问题,成为制约社会进步和经济发展的瓶颈,解决水资源的供需矛盾,对我国的可持续发展是非常迫切的和重要的.用海水淡化技术向大海要淡水,是自古以来人们所梦寐以求的,现在已变为现实,其中反渗透法海水淡化发展最为迅速,不仅技术上完全可行,而且在许多情况下是最经济的选择.简述了自上世纪50年代以来反渗透法海水淡化(SWRO)的提出和发展概况;重点介绍了反渗透不对称膜和复合膜的发展,特别是复合膜品种的不断增多与性能的不断改进和提高;中空纤维和卷式反渗透膜组器技术的创新,特别是卷式反渗透膜组器的设计和制备技术的改进及组器的性能提高和大型化;效率不断提高的高压泵和能量回收装置,特别是能量回收装置结构形式的不断改进和能量回收效率的不断提高;实用于不同要求的各种SWRO工艺,如二级海水淡化工艺、一级海水淡化工艺、高压一级海水淡化工艺、高效两段海水淡化工艺、SWRO与纳滤(NF)、与多级闪蒸(MSF)或多效(MED)集成的海水淡化工艺以及微滤(MF)或超滤(UF)作为预处理等,另外,简述了大型反渗透法海水淡化厂对环境的影响,如与能耗相关的CO2的排放、浓海水排海、占地、噪音和景观等;最后对反渗透技术的延伸进行了简介.

Progress of reverse osmosis technology for seawater desalination

Water is the irreplaceable and valuable natural resources on the earth,and the indispensable basic material for the existence and production of our mankind.The water resource shortage of our country has been severe impact on the development of the social economy of the coast and western region,Seawater desalination has been people's fond dream since ancient times,the dream is now becoming a reality.Desalinization technology is one of the important means to solve current water resource deficient problems.Especially in recent years,reverse osmosis has won the bid in international calling for tenders of sea water desalination,because its low capital invest,low energy consumption,low cost price and shorter construction period.This paper presents a brief development history of reverse osmosis(RO) and seawater desalination by reverse osmosis(SWRO) back to 1950s.Much attention was paid to innovative development in membranes,modules,equipments and applied technology,including asymmetric cellulose acetate(CA)membrane and aromatic polyamide composite membranes,spiral-wound elements and hollow fiber modules with different sizes,energy recovery equipments,different technological processes used for various situation,integrated and co-generated processes,optimization of these processes,and environmental impacts and related countermeasures of SWRO for large desalination plants.The extension of reverse osmosis,such as desalination, pre-concentration and integrated processes for other fluids,and nanofiltration,was also briefly mentioned.The development and progress of reverse osmosis technology including SWRO in China was also introduced briefly in the paper for reference.