Methodologies for feasibility studies related to wastewater reclamation and reuse projects |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Gaiker Technological Centre, Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain;2. Institute of Environmental Protection, University of ?ód? , Banacha 12/16, PL-90237 ?ód? , Poland; and Laboratoire Biodiversité et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes, Université de Metz, Campus Bridoux, Av. Général Delestraint, F-57070 Metz Borny, France;3. S.C. Apa Nova Bucuresti S.A., Veolia Water Company, Aristide Demetriad 2, 70706 Bucharest, Romania;4. Geonardo Environmental Technologies, Keve u. 17, 1031 Budapest, Hungary;5. Institute of International Economics, University of Valencia, Campus dels Tarongers, Edificio Departamental Oriental, 46022 Valencia, Spain;6. Department of Chemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Turmstrasse 46, 52056 Aachen, Germany;1. Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France;2. Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France;3. Department of Pathology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France;1. Facultad de Economía, Empresa y Turismo, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino de la Hornera, s/n – Campus de Guajara, 38071, La Laguna, Spain;2. Northern Arctic Federal University (NARFU), Severnaya Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, Russia;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Srinagar 190006, India;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India;3. Centre of Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, India;4. Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India |
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| Abstract: | About 20% of the total surface water in Europe is strongly threatened due to pollution problems, and 60% of European cities over-exploit their groundwater resources. The European Framework Water Directive established that by the year 2015 “a good ecological state” of all European water resources and a sustainable use of water must be achieved. Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing pressure on Europe's water resources. However, wastewater reuse implementation in Europe faces obstacles that include insufficient public acceptance; technical, economic and hygienic risks; and lack of regulations. On the other hand, a very important aspect to implement a water reuse project is the feasibility study that was previously developed. Some of the work carried out in a European project called Integrated Concepts for Reuse of Upgraded Wastewater is described herein. One of the most important tasks of this project is to prepare guidelines on feasibility studies for water reuse systems. The defined structure to carry out feasibility studies and some guidelines to obtain an ecological, social and economical assessment is described. |
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