Synthesis of amidrazones using an engineered papain nitrile hydratase

Diadenosine polyphosphates present at the cytosol can be transported to secretory granules allowing their exocytotic release. Extracellularly, they can act through specific metabotropic or ionotropic receptors, or as analogues of P2X and P2Y nucleotide receptors. The specific ionotropic receptor P4 is present in synaptic terminals, and modulated by protein kinases (PK) A and C and protein phosphatases. Activation of PKA or PKC, directly or through membrane receptors, results in a decrease of affinity or in reduction of the Ca2+ transient respectively. Adenosine and ATP, both products of the extracellular destruction of diadenosine polyphosphates, acting through A1 or P2Y receptors respectively, are important physiological modulators at the P4 receptor.