深层油气地质理论研究进展与主要发展方向

含油气盆地深层系指埋深超过4 500 m的地层领域。截至2010年,全球已发现200个埋深超过4 500 m的含油气盆地,发现了1 477个深层油气藏。塔里木盆地在深层和超深层发现的石油天然气储量所占比率已从2000年的66 % 上升到2013年的92 % ,勘探前景广阔。近20年来,在含油气盆地深层构造与地质环境、深层碎屑岩有效储层和碳酸盐岩有效储层、深层油气来源与评价方法、深层油气成藏与分布规律、深部油气相态特征与油气藏保存6个方面的研究取得了重要进展。目前深层油气勘探面临系列挑战,突破当前困局需要开展7个方面的研究,包括:提高深层资料品质、增加深层信息探测手段和数据处理技术、强化构造过程与温压场演化历史研究、开展储油气层演化动力学过程研究、加强油气地球化学与油气资源评价研究、揭示高温高压和低孔低渗等非常规条件下油气藏成因机制研究、建立深层油气地质学与深层油气勘探新理论并研发配套新技术。

Research processes and main development directions of deep hydrocarbon geological theories

Deep strata of petroliferous basin refer to the formations with the buried depth more than 4 500 m. Till 2010, a total of 200 petroliferous basins have been discovered with the buried depth more than 4 500 m in the whole world, as well as 1 477 deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. In Tarim Basin, the proportion of discovered deep and ultra-deep hydrocarbon reserves was increased from 66 % in 2 000 to 92 % in 2013, indicating a huge exploration prospect. Over the past two decades, important achievements have been made in research of the following six subjects, i.e., deep structure and geological environment of petroliferous basin, effective reservoirs of deep clastic and carbonate rocks, origin and assessment method of deep hydrocarbons, deep hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution laws, deep hydrocarbon phase characteristics and reservoir preservation. At present, the exploration of deep hydrocarbon is facing a series of challenges. The research on seven aspects should be carried out to break through the current dilemma, including the improvement in the quality of deep data, the increase in deep information detection methods and data processing technologies, the enhancement of study on tectonic process and the evolutionary history of pressure and temperature field, the research on the dynamic process of hydrocarbon reservoir evolution, the enhancement in the research of hydrocarbon geochemistry and resource assessment, the studies with the aim to reveal the genetic mechanism of hydrocarbon reservoir under high temperature and high pressure, low porosity-low permeability and other unconventional conditions, the establishment of new theories for deep hydrocarbon geology and exploration, as well as the development of new matching technologies.