天然气开发过程中甲烷排放监管制度的多国比较与启示

如何有效减少天然气开发过程中的甲烷逸散排放量，是我国天然气监管政策和立法亟待解决的问题。为此，以世界银行下属的“减少天然气燃烧全球伙伴关系组织”于2009年建立的天然气开发监管制度模型为标准，分析了美国、加拿大、英国等在具体监管机构设置，以及在审批、报告、执行监管、环境信息公开、奖惩措施等方面的具体做法，以期为我国相应制度的出台提供有益的经验。结果表明，我国现行天然气开发过程中的甲烷排放监管制度亟待进一步完善：①在立法理念上，应提高对甲烷逸散排放问题的重视；②在监管机构设置上，应尽快通过立法明确具体的监管主体、监管职权和监管方式，使“谁来管、管什么、怎么管”做到有法可依，确保监管部门能独立、有效行使职权；③在具体监管措施上，应尽快出台有关天然气开发的甲烷逸散排放标准，建立严格的天然气开发审批制度，建立天然气开发企业例行报告制度、监管部门例行公告制度和完善的奖惩制度。

Regulation and oversight of the venting and leaking of methane in the natural gas development:A comparative study

How to effectively reduce the venting and leaking of methane in the natural gas development process is one of the issues to solve in the natural gas associated regulatory policies and legislation in China. By use of the GGFR’s (The World Bank’s Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership) monitoring model, which was developed as the Guidance on Upstream Flaring and Venting Policy and Regulation, this paper made a comparative study of such related legal and policy frameworks of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, etc. as well as their respective concrete procedures including examination and approval, report, implementation of supervision, environmental information disclosure, rewards and punishment measures, etc. Thus, learning from those useful experiences, we put forward some suggestions for policy makers in China to further complete the legal and regulation system of methane venting and leakage in natural gas development. a. Great importance should be attached to this issue in terms of the legislative concept. b. The regulatory institutional framework should be established to confirm the regulatory supervision bodies whose responsibilities and supervision ways should be well defined; as a result, with laws to abide by, the supervision departments will exercise their authority independently and effectively. c. Many effective institutional mechanisms should be learnt from the developed countries including stricter environmental standards, information disclosure, routine reporting and regular announcement, and a perfect system of rewards and penalties.