Lithographically fabricated disposable bismuth-film electrodes for the trace determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry |
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Authors: | Christos Kokkinos Ioannis Raptis |
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Affiliation: | a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece b Institute of Microelectronics, NCSR “Demokritos”, PO Box 60228, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 153 10, Greece |
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Abstract: | This work reports the photolithographic fabrication of disposable bismuth-film electrodes (BiFEs) using a thin-film deposition approach. The deposition of the bismuth layer was carried out by sputtering of metallic bismuth on a silicon substrate while the exact geometry of the BiFEs was produced by photolithography. The utility of these sensors was tested for the simultaneous trace determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Using the selected conditions, the limits of detection were 0.5 μg l−1 for Pb(II) and 1 μg l−1 for Cd(II) at a preconcentration time of 4 min. The interference caused by Cu(II) was alleviated by the addition of ferrocyanide in the sample solution. Finally, the proposed BiFEs were successfully applied to the determination of Cd and Pb in a phosphate fertilizer and a river water sample. These sensors offer wide scope for trace metal analysis in terms of mass-production of mercury-free disposable sensors with performance comparable to their mercury counterparts. |
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Keywords: | Stripping voltammetry Bismuth-film electrode Photolithography Sputtering Trace metal analysis |
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