Steroid binding to human serum albumin and fragments thereof. Role of protein conformation and fatty acid content

The binding properties of the steroids testosterone and pregnenolone to human serum albumin (HSA) and derived fragments of albumin have been investigated by means of equilibrium dialysis and circular dichroism. The 46 kDa peptic fragment (P46) of HSA comprises domains one and two of the HSA structure, whereas the other fragment, the 45 kDa tryptic fragment (T45) is composed of domains two and three. A comparison of the binding behaviour of the steroid ligands to HSA and its fragments showed that the single primary testosterone binding site in all probability is located in the second domain of the HSA molecule. For pregnenolone it was found that at least two primary binding sites are present, also located in domain two. Both steroids show pH dependent binding profiles in the case of HSA and the P46 fragment. The binding of the steroids to the T45 fragment seems to be pH independent. The same phenomenon was observed with the circular dichroism experiments, indicating a link between the steroid binding properties and the structural behaviour of the proteins. In fact, the binding properties of the steroids can be assigned to the neutral-to-base (N-B) transition. The possible role of fatty acids as modulators in the transport processes of steroids in the body is discussed.