Helicobacter pylori, acid, and omeprazole revisited: bacterial eradication and rebound hypersecretion

Mouse blastocysts were exposed for 24 h to various concentrations of recombinant mouse tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and observed for their capacity to implant in vitro on a fibronectin-coated substrate or to develop in vivo after their transfer into surrogate females. Compared with findings in control blastocysts, exposure to TNFalpha resulted in a significant reduction in the average number of cells in the inner cell mass (ICM) lineage. This effect was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of cells identified as engaged in apoptosis by means of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling technique. No difference was found in the incidence of nuclear fragmentation between control and TNFalpha-exposed blastocysts. When TNFalpha-pretreated blastocysts were allowed to implant in vitro, significantly fewer embryos were able to maintain a structured ICM cluster at the center of the trophectoderm outgrowth. Although no difference was found in the average surface area of the outgrowths, implants derived from TNFalpha-treated blastocysts contained significantly fewer nuclei than implants from control embryos. After transfer into recipient mice, TNFalpha-pretreated blastocysts implanted at about the same rate as control embryos, but a significantly higher rate of resorption was found among fetuses after exposure to the cytokine. In addition, the weight of the surviving fetuses was significantly lower than for control fetuses. These data indicate that the impact of TNFalpha on blastocysts is specifically aimed at the ICM lineage and that TNFalpha decreases the ability of embryos to differentiate into fetuses after implantation.