短链脂肪酸及其调节肠道炎症作用的研究进展

哺乳动物体中的胃肠道微生物是细菌生态系统的组成部分，这些微生物对胃肠道发育、功能和调节有着非常重要的作用。短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs）是由胃肠道微生物组中的有益细菌发酵产生的代谢物，主要包括乙酸（acetate）、丙酸（propionate）和丁酸（butyrate），目前的研究多集中在微生物对宿主细胞代谢的影响上，但短链脂肪酸调节肠道炎症及其机制的研究仍值得关注。越来越多的研究表明，SCFAs具有为肠道上皮细胞提供能量、保护肠道屏障、调节肠道炎症等功能。在肠道炎症的治疗上，SCFAs可以作为信号分子在细胞表面激活G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs），在细胞内通过底物转运蛋白抑制组蛋白脱乙酰化酶（HDACs），从而达到抗炎的目的。本文就SCFAs的组成和来源、机体中合成途径和分布、对肠道健康的影响、在肠道炎症中调节的分子机制以及膳食纤维对SCFAs合成的影响进行综述，重点阐述了短链脂肪酸调节肠道炎症的作用机制，为后续进一步研究提供理论依据。

Research Progress of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Its Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation

Gastrointestinal microorganisms in mammals are part of the bacterial ecosystem and play an important role in gastrointestinal development, function and regulation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced by fermentation of beneficial bacteria in gastrointestinal microbiome, mainly including acetate, propionate and butyrate. Currently, most studies focus on the effect of microorganisms on host cell metabolism, but the regulation of short-chain fatty acids on intestinal inflammation and its mechanism is still worthy of attention. More and more studies have shown that SCFAs can provide energy for intestinal epithelial cells, protect the intestinal barrier, regulate intestinal inflammation and other functions. In the treatment of intestinal inflammation, SCFAs can be used as signal molecules to activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the cell surface and inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) through substrate transporters in the cell, thus achieving anti-inflammatory goals. In this paper, the composition and source of SCFAs, the synthesis pathway and distribution in the body, the effect on intestinal health, the molecular mechanism of regulation in intestinal inflammation and the effect of dietary fiber on the synthesis of SCFAs are reviewed. The mechanism of short-chain fatty acid regulation of intestinal inflammation is emphasized to provide theoretical basis for further research.