Failure conditions of glass filament yarns: a contribution to the valuation of carcinogenic potentials of fiber fragments

BACKGROUND: The circumanal glands of the dog are thought to be a glandular tissue, but there is some controversy as to whether they should be classified as exocrine or endocrine. In this study, we examined the nature of the circumanal glands to determine whether they should be described as exocrine, endocrine, or something else altogether. In addition, we investigated the cell degeneration in lobules of the circumanal glands in relation to the apocrine glands. METHODS: Light microscopic observations were made of paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and after immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin, keratin, filaggrin, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD). Samples were also examined by electron microscopy after fixation by aldehyde perfusion. RESULTS: The lobules of circumanal glands could be divided into two types on the basis of the presence or absence of cysts. Four layers (I-IV) were detected in the lobules with cysts. The outermost layer (layer I or the basal layer) consisted of flattened cells that contained bundles of tonofilaments and were stained immunohistochemically with the antibody against keratin. Layer II (the polyhedral or "spinous" layer) consisted of polyhedral cells that contained bundles of tonofilaments. These cells were connected to adjacent cells by desmosomes, interdigitations, and gap junctions, and they were immunopositive for keratin. A small number of polyhedral cells were immunopositive for 3beta-HSD. Layer III (the granular layer) was composed of flattened cells that contained hematoxylin-stainable granules and were moderately immunopositive for filaggrin. The innermost layer (layer IV or the horny layer) consisted of keratin. Lobules without cysts consisted only of layer I (the basal layer) and layer II (the polyhedral layer). Lobules of the circumanal glands were not directly connected to apocrine glands. Polyhedral cells degenerated and were phagocytosed by basal cells at a periphery of lobules. Then, basal cells phagocytosing degenerated polyhedral cells escaped from lobules, moved into the walls of apocrine glands, and, finally, dropped into the lumen of apocrine glands. CONCLUSIONS: Lobules of the circumanal glands have many characteristics of epidermis (a basal layer, a polyhedral or "spinous layer," a granular layer, and a horny layer) and they should not be classified as glandular tissue. The cysts in lobules can be interpreted as "closed hair canals." We suggest that steroid metabolism might occur in the polyhedral cells of the lobules.