Phthalate Esters in Sediments Near a Sewage Treatment Plant Outflow in Hamilton Harbour,Ontario: SFE Extraction and Environmental Distribution |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;2. State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China;3. State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China;1. Département santé travail, Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS), 12, rue du Val-d’Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France;2. Laboratoire santé travail environnement (LSTE), université de Bordeaux-Segalen, 33076 Bordeaux, France;3. CEA-Grenoble, plate-forme NanoSécurité, 38054 Grenoble, France;4. Institut national de l’environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France;5. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents de travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS), 75011 Paris, France;1. AkzoNobel N.V., P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands;2. Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Mines Douai, SAGE, F-59508, Douai, France;2. Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France;3. Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l''Energie, l''Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515, F-67087, Strasbourg, France;4. Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Laboratoire Image, Ville, Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, F-67087, Strasbourg, France;5. Laboratoire des Sciences de l''Ingénieur pour l''Environnement – LASIE FRE 3474 CNRS – Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France;6. Université de Lille 1, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l''Atmosphère, F-59655, Villeneuve d''Ascq, France |
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| Abstract: | Esters of phthalic acid are ubiquitous environmental contaminants as a result of their use as plasticizers and as constituents in many other commercial products. Although the acute toxicity of phthalates is low, recent concerns over their potential to disrupt the gonadal development of vertebrates has prompted interest in determining the distribution of these compounds in the environment. However, trace analysis of phthalates in environmental samples has been hampered by their presence as ubiquitous laboratory contaminants. In this study, the problem of high background contamination was addressed by developing an analytical method using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), which was used to extract phthalates from sediment samples collected near the outflow of a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Hamilton Harbour at the western end of Lake Ontario. GC-MS-SIM analysis of sediment samples indicated that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)was present at very high concentrations; ranging from a mean of 29.7 μg/g dry weight at a site near the STP outflow to a mean of 6.5 μg/g dry weight at a site 300 m away. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) were judged to be present in some sediment samples but at concentrations below the Method Detection Limits (< 0.3 μg/g). Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were not detected in any of the sediment samples. This study indicates that SFE can be an efficient extraction method for phthalates in sediments, which avoids the extensive use of glassware and organic solvents that may contaminate environmental samples. In addition, STP effluents are sources of phthalates in the aquatic environment; in particular, DEHP. |
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