民机着陆目视判断及操作影响因素研究

目的对影响飞行员着陆目视判断及手动操作的各类因素进行重要度分析及排序,为改善着陆操作提供参考。方法首先设计一套情境问卷,在问卷问题中融入着陆过程中影响飞行员目视判断和操作偏差的指标因素,然后在专家飞行员中实施情境问卷,并应用熵权法处理了32份有效问卷数据,同时对问卷信度和效度进行了分析。结果着陆过程中影响飞行员目视判断最重要的五个因素分别是能见度、助航设施、飞行经验、飞行能力、地面参照;影响飞行员手动操作最重要的五个因素分别是飞行技能、飞行经验、风速、重量、构型。结论对于飞行员来说,着陆时最重要的任务目标是先目视确定跑道位置,影响该目标最重要的两个因素是天气能见度和机场助航设施;个体的飞行技能对着陆安全操作至关重要,通过提高飞行员的操作技能水平,可以克服由不利飞行环境对手动操作带来的影响。

Study on Visual Perception and Operation Influencing Factors in Landing of Civil Aircraft

Objective This study aims to examine and order the factors affecting the deviation of visual perception and manual operation for improving the landing operations. Methods Firstly, a scenario questionnaire that integrat-ed the index factors influencing the visual judgment and operation deviation of the pilots during the landing was de-signed. Then the survey was implemented among experienced pilots, and entropy weight method was used to deal with 32 samples. Meanwhile, the questionnaire reliability and validity was analyzed. Results Five important factors af-fecting visual perception and judgment were visibility, navigation aids, flight experience, flight ability and ground vis-ual references. The top five factors affecting manual operation in landing were flight skill, flight experience, wind speed, gross weight and configuration. Conclusion The most important task in landing for pilots is visually finding the runway and it is influenced more by air visibility and navigation aids. The adverse effects of the flight environment on the manual operation could be decreased through improving the level of the pilot's operating skills.