Comparative effects of dilator drugs on human penile dorsal artery and deep dorsal vein

The role of trace elements in vivo has not been completely clarified. Trace elements were studied in melanin granules in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid of hereditary copper-deficient macular mice as a model of Menkes' disease. The analysis of elements in these melanin granules was done by new methods: freeze-embedding and an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). We used 14-day- and 1-month-old male hemizygote macular mice for the experiments and normal litter-mates as controls. Melanin granules in RPE and choroid contained sulfur, chloride, calcium, iron, copper and zinc. Calcium and copper were especially abundant in 14-day-old hemizygote macular mice, although there were few melanin granules in their RPE. The fact that copper was most abundant in the melanin granules in the RPE of 14-day-old macular mice suggests that the synthesis of melanin granules in the RPE and choroid of the hemizygote macular mice cannot be completed because of the lower activity of copper-containing enzymes such as tyrosinase and the abnormal copper distribution in various organs. Therefore, the melanin granules in the RPE and choroid of hemizygote macular mice are irregular in shape and few in number. Large amounts of copper concentrated in melanin granules in the RPE and choroid of hemizygote macular mice might induce quantitative abnormalities of trace elements.