莱茵河水资源国际合作治理困境与突破

为探索莱茵河流域沿岸国家如何突破水资源合作治理的集体行动难题,分析了合作过程中存在的治理困境和关键性因素。莱茵河流域水污染问题从普通环境问题上升为国际政治议题进而成为沿岸国家的政治承诺,经历了利益相关者相互抗衡与博弈的漫长过程,经济发展与环境保护之间的权衡、外部性问题和不确定性带来的高成本成为实现合作难以突破的困境,问题压力程度、非政府行动者参与程度、制度弹性、社会政治经济同质性、社会资本存量等是突破合作困境的关键性要素。我国在跨界流域水资源的利用、开发和治理中应注重建立对话沟通机制,提供合作平台,培养互信关系;提倡多中心的制度安排,保持制度弹性;加强水质监控和预警网络建设;引导公众参与,发挥公众监督作用。

Dilemma and breakthrough of international cooperation on water resources of Rhine River

In order to explore how to break through the collective action of water resources cooperation management in the Rhine River Basin countries, this paper analyzes the governance dilemma in the process of cooperation and key elements. The issue of water pollution in the Rhine River Basin has risen from a common environmental issue to an international political issue and then become a political commitment of the countries along the river. It has experienced a long process of stakeholders competing and gaming with each other. The trade-offs between economic development and environmental protection, and high costs caused by externalities and uncertainty become difficulties for cooperation. The key factors to break through the cooperation dilemma are the degree of problem pressure, the participation of non-governmental actors, the flexibility of system, the homogeneity of social politics and economy, and the stock of social capital. In the utilization, development and management of water resources in cross-border basins, China should pay attention to establish a dialogue and communication mechanism, provide a cooperation platform and cultivate mutual trust, advocate multi-center institutional arrangements, maintain institutional flexibility, strengthen the construction of water quality monitoring and early warning networks, guide public participation and play the role of public supervision.