Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Ionization mechanism and the effect of solvent on the ionization of naphthalenes

The ionization mechanism in dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization and the effect of solvent on the ionization efficiency was studied using 7 naphthalenes and 13 different solvent systems. The ionization efficiency was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher with dopant than without, indicating that the photoionization of the dopant initiates the ionization process. In positive ion mode, the analytes were ionized either by charge exchange or by proton transfer. Charge exchange was favored for low proton affinity solvents (water, hexane, chloroform), whereas the addition of methanol or acetonitrile to the solvent initiated proton transfer. In negative ion mode, the compounds with high electron affinity were ionized by electron capture or by charge exchange and the compounds with high gas-phase acidity were ionized by proton transfer. In addition, some oxidation reactions were observed. All the reactions leading to ionization of analytes in negative ion mode are initiated by thermal electrons formed in photoionization of toluene. The testing of different solvents showed that addition of buffers such as ammonium acetate, ammonium hydroxide, or acetic acid may suppress ionization in APPI. The reactions are discussed in detail in light of thermodynamic data.