Down-regulation of human sialyltransferase gene expression during in vitro human keratinocyte cell line differentiation

We studied cytokines and anti-cytokine autoantibodies (Aabs) during T.b.brucei infections in IFN-gamma-/-, IFN-gammaR-/- and wild-type mice. Increased serum levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-gamma and IL-4 with decreased Aabs to these cytokines were recorded early during infections in all mice (except IFN-gamma in IFN-gamma-/- mice). Later, these responses were reversed, and surprisingly Aabs reacting to IFN-gamma in the IFN-gamma -/- mice were detected. To examine the possibility that an IFN-? immunoreactive molecule might be expressed due to infections and upon gene deletion, anti-IFN-gamma antibody was inoculated and resulted in abrogation of such Aabs. The scenario was different for IL-10 and TGF- since IFN-gammaR-/- and wild-type mice showed low cytokines and high Aabs early during infections, but later high cytokines and low Aabs were registered. Interestingly, IFN-gamma-/- mice exhibited reversed levels of both IL-10 and TGF-beta, and also of their Aabs. Fab fragments of purified serum immunoglobulins showed binding and neutralizing effects in biological assays. Pre-absorption of the Fab fragments with a cytokine inhibited the binding and neutralization effects of this cytokine, but not of other cytokines. These results highlight an important role for autoimmunity in cytokine regulation, and that genomic deletion of IFN-gamma modulates cytokines and their Aab responses in experimental African trypanosomiasis.