Challenges and strategies involved in designing and constructing a 6 km immersed tunnel: A case study of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, PR China;2. Institute of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, PR China;1. Department of Architectural Constructions, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;2. Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;1. Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;2. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;3. State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;4. High-End Foreign Expert at Tongji University, Shanghai, China;5. CCCC Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China;1. Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China;2. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China;3. Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;1. School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, China;2. College of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710064, China;3. The Key Laboratory for Health Monitoring and Control of Large Structures, Shijiazhuang, 050043, China;1. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;2. State Key Laboratory for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China;3. Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;4. State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China |
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| Abstract: | A 6 km immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB) has been designed and funded. Once completed in 2016, the HZMB Tunnel will break the record of the 5.8 km BART Tunnel in the United States, although it will soon be overtaken by the ～20 km Fehmarn Tunnel between Denmark and Germany that is to be completed in 2020. Construction of the HZMB Tunnel was started in 2011 and more than ten elements thus far have been installed on the site. This paper presents details about the challenges and solutions for the design and construction of the HZMB Tunnel on a strategic level. Special features of the HZMB Tunnel include a long length of 6 km, a deep water depth of almost 45 m, and a thick backfill of 23 m. Challenges include severe marine environment, strict requirements for waterproofing, construction of sections connecting the tunnel with artificial islands, and tunnel stability after future excavation of fairway trenches. Moreover, the HZMB Tunnel is challenged by possible sand liquefaction in seismic events, conservation of white Chinese dolphin, and waterway dispersion during construction. Details about the strategies are given in order to improve the immersed tunnel design and construction methods. |
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| Keywords: | Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge Immersed tunnel Detailed design Construction challenge |
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